Synthesis of Aspirin Lab Report Essays

Synthesis of Aspirin Lab Report Essays Synthesis of Aspirin Lab Report Paper Synthesis of Aspirin Lab Report Paper Essay Topic: Synthesis After the reaction was complete some unrelated acetic anhydride and salicylic acid was still be present in the solution as well as some sulfuric acid, aspirin, and acetic acid. Crystallization, which Uses the principle of solubility, was then used to remove most of the impurities and caused the ecstatically acid to precipitate out of the solution. Next, the crude product was then purified by adding water which further lowered the solubility of ecstatically acid and dissolved some impurities from the crystal of aspirin. The aspirin was then isolated from the solution using a vacuum filtration apparatus. The percent yield of crude aspirin product was 91. 89%. To purify the crude aspirin product a rationalizations procedure was performed. The percent yield of the purified aspirin product was 5. 77%. Next a phenol test was performed on the crude aspirin product, the purified aspirin product, and salicylic acid as a control. The phenol test was to test the purity of the aspirin product that was created during the experiment. The crude aspirin product and the purified aspirin product had no color changes and remained orange when mixed with the iron (Ill) chloride solution, which means that there were no phenol groups in both the crude aspirin product and the purified aspirin product. The lack of action with the iron (Ill) chloride revealed that both the crude aspirin product and the purified aspirin product were pure aspirin. The salicylic acid turned into a dark purple color when mixed with the iron (Ill) chloride solution, which was expected since salicylic acid has phenol groups. Next a melting point test was performed on the purified aspirin product. The purified product started to melt at 86 degrees Celsius and finished completely melting at 102 degrees Celsius. The melting point of the purified product was lower than the expected 135 degree Celsius melting point of aspirin, which revealed to us that the purified aspirin reduce still contained some impurities. Introduction: As early as 3000 BC ancient cultures such as Greek, Roman, Egyptian, and Chinese found that extracts from plants such as willow bark, meadowsweet, and myrtle possessed the ability to alleviate fever, pain, and inflammation. These plants contain a compound called silicates, which creates these curative attributes. Several of years later the folk remedy of plants containing silicates transformed into the cure-all medication known as aspirin. Today aspirin, also known as ecstatically acid, is an over the counter medication that is extremely popular and is used for relieving pain, reducing fever, reducing swelling, and slowing blood clotting. The history of aspirin began in 1763 when Edward Stone wrote a paper to the Royal Society of London that claimed that willow bark could cure ague, which is now known as malaria. Later it was found that the treatment did not actually cure malaria, but instead just reduced the fever of those with the disease. Nearly a century later, a Scottish physician found that Edward Stones extract could also be used to relieve the symptoms of acute rheumatism. Organic chemists began working with willow bark and many other plants to try and extract and isolate the active ingredients from them, in doing so it was found that the active ingredient was salicylic acid. Salicylic acid was then industrialized for medicinal use, but soon after industrialization it was found that salicylic acid was extremely limited as a treatment because of the acidic properties that cause severe irritation in the digestive tract. In 1 893, Felix Hofmann synthesized ecstatically acid, which has all of the same medicinal benefits as salicylic acid but it did not have the side effect of irritating the digestive tract. Hofmann worked for Brayer, which then named ecstatically acid compound aspirin. Aspirin became commercially available in 1899 and today it is estimated that over a trillion aspirin tablets have been consumed by those in need of its curative effects. In this experiment aspirin was synthesized from salicylic acid and acetic anhydride. Salicylic acid was justified using acetic acid and sulfuric acid acting as a catalyst to produce ecstatically acid and acetic acid. The phenol group that will attack the carbonyl carbon of the acetic anhydride is the -OH group that is directly attached to the benzene since it is more basic than the -OH group attached to the carbonyl group. This method of forming ecstatically acid is n sterilization reaction. Since this sterilization reaction is not spontaneous, sulfuric acid was used as a catalyst to initiate the reaction. Sulfuric acid serves as the acid catalyst since its conjugate base is a strong deportation group that is necessary in order for this reaction to be reversible. The need for the strong conjugate base is the reason why other strong acids such as HCI is not used since its conjugate base CLC- is very weak compared to HASH-. After the reaction was complete some unrelated acetic anhydride and salicylic acid was still be present in the solution as well as some sulfuric acid, aspirin, and acetic acid. Crystallization, which uses the principle of solubility, was then used to remove most of the impurities and caused the ecstatically acid to precipitate out of the solution. This precipitation happens because the solvent can no longer hold all of the solute molecules, and the molecules begin to leave the solution and form solid crystals. During this cooling, each solute molecule in turn approaches a growing crystal and rests on the crystal surface. If the geometry of the molecule fits that of the crystal, it will be more likely to remain on the crystal than it is to go back into the solution. Therefore, each growing crystal consists of only one type of molecule, the solute. The ecstatically acids solubility decreased and caused it to gradually precipitate out of the solution while the other compounds were left in solution because they were either a liquid at room temperature or have higher solubility and would not completely crystallize out of the solution. After the solution had come to room temperature, it was carefully submerged in an ice bath to complete the crystallization process. To purify the crude product, water was added to solution to further lower the solubility of ecstatically acid and to solve some of the impurities from the crystal. The chilled solution was then filtered through vacuum filtration to isolate the pure crystals. Vacuum filtration was the technique used for separating the solid aspirin product from the solvent or liquid reaction mixture. The mixture of solid and liquid was poured through a filter paper in a Boucher funnel. The solid aspirin product was trapped by the filter and the liquid was drawn through the funnel into the flask below it by a vacuum. The aspirin product that was collected still contained some impurities. The general reaction equation and the reaction mechanism are as follows: To purify the crude aspirin product a rationalizations procedure needed to be performed to remove impurities and to further purify it. Rationalizations utilizes the different solubility of the desired product and impurities included in the reaction mixture. So, when the solvent cools, only the impurities will remain dissolved and the pure product will crystallize out of the solution. The information we gather will allow us to determine the percent yield of the crude aspirin product and of the purified aspirin product. The percent yield is a way of measuring how successful a reaction has been. Percent yield problems allow us to calculate what percent of the expected product we are able to account for by the end of our experiment. Actual amount of product x 100 Percent yield amount of product Expected Next, a phenol test must be performed to determine the purity of the aspirin product. The impurities that could be in the purified aspirin product could be salicylic acid and other compounds that contain a hydroxyl group on a benzene ring and are known as phenols. Phenols form a highly colored complex with iron (Ill) chloride that can range from a pale to dark purple depending on the incineration of the phenol group present in the solution. Pure aspirin does not contain any phenol groups and should be enervative when mixed with the iron (Ill) chloride solution and should remain orange in color. Another way the purity of the sample is tested is through a melting point test on the purified aspirin product. A pure compound has a specific range in which it melts and it is normally a fairly small range. If the melting point of the purified aspirin sample is lower than the expected or if it has a very broad range compared to the actual range, then the sample still contains some impurities. Experimental: In a 125 ml Erlenmeyer flask add 5 ml of acetic anhydride, 1. Egg of salicylic acid, and 5 drops of sulfuric acid. Swirl the mixture in the Erlenmeyer flask for approximately one minute so that all of its contents have completely dissolved. Heat the mixture using a water bath for 10 minutes. The water bath temperature should not exceed 50 degrees Celsius. While heating the mixture, measure out 70 ml of ODL water and then put it in a 100 ml beaker. Also, set up an ice bath for the mixture in the Erlenmeyer flask as well as a second ice bath for the 100 ml beaker while waiting for the mixture in the Erlenmeyer flask to heat. After he mixture has heated for 10 minutes, remove it from the water bath and allow it to cool to room temperature. Crystallization should begin once the solution reaches room temperature. If crystallization does not occur use a glass stirring rod and with strong force scratch the bottom of the Erlenmeyer flask. Cool the Erlenmeyer flask containing the mixture in the ice bath set up previously for 20 minutes. At the same time place the 100 ml beaker containing 70 ml ODL water in the second ice bath set up previously for 20 minutes. While waiting for those items to cool, set up the vacuum filtration apparatus. After 20 minutes of lolling, take 50 ml of the 70 ml now cooled ODL water from the 100 ml beaker and add it to the 125 ml Erlenmeyer flask that contains the mixture. Leave the 125 ml Erlenmeyer flask that contains the mixture in its ice bath and allow it to cool for an extra 5 minutes. Also leave the remaining 20 ml of DID water in the 100 ml beaker in its ice bath. After cooling for an additional 5 minutes, pour the contents in the ml Erlenmeyer flask into a Boucher funnel attached to the vacuum filtration apparatus. Make sure to get as much of the product into the Boucher funnel as possible. Use the remaining 20 ml of ODL water in the 100 ml shaker to rinse out the 125 ml Erlenmeyer flask and wash the product in the Boucher funnel. Allow the sample to vacuum dry for 5 minutes. While waiting for the sample to vacuum dry weigh a weigh boat. After the sample has dried for 5 minutes, turn off the vacuum filtration apparatus and retrieve the crude product from the Boucher funnel and place it in the previously weighed weigh boat. Weigh the weigh boat with sample inside and record the mass of the crude product formed. Calculate the percent yield of the product formed. Next, place a few crystals of the crude product in a test tube labeled A and put to the side for later use. Reweigh your sample and record the new mass sample. Now place the crude product from the weigh boat in a 25 ml Erlenmeyer flask and add 3 ml of ethyl acetate. Heat the 25 ml Erlenmeyer flask in a water bath (not to exceed 50 degrees Celsius) until all of the product has dissolved. After 5 minutes if the product has not completely dissolved, add ml more of ethyl acetate. Place the 25 ml Erlenmeyer flask containing the product and ethyl acetate directly on the hot plate at 50 degrees Celsius. Raise the temperature of the hot plate to 125 degrees Celsius so that the solution boils. Keep a close eye on the Erlenmeyer flask. Heat the mixture for 5 minutes. After heating the mixture for 5 minutes, gravity filter what is in the 25 ml Erlenmeyer flask through filter paper. Put what goes through the filter paper back in the 25 ml Erlenmeyer flask and add petroleum ether drop by drop until crystals begin to form. If crystals do not form, place the 25 ml Erlenmeyer flask on a hot plate at 125 degrees Celsius with a boiling stone in the mixture. Wait for the mixture to boil and then let it boil for 5 minutes. After boiling for 5 minutes remove the 25 ml Erlenmeyer flask and remove the boiling stone. Allow the mixture to cool to room temperature. Scratch the bottom of the Erlenmeyer flask with a glass stirring rod with strong force. Place the Erlenmeyer flask in an ice bath for 30 minutes. Pour the contents in the 25 ml Erlenmeyer flask into a Boucher funnel attached to a vacuum filtration apparatus. Allow the product to vacuum dry for 5 minutes. While waiting for the sample to vacuum dry weigh a weigh boat. After the sample has dried for 5 minutes, turn off the vacuum filtration apparatus and retrieve the purified product from the Boucher funnel and place it in the previously weighed weigh boat. Weigh the weigh boat with sample inside and record the mass of the reified product formed. Calculate the percent yield of the product formed. Next, place a few crystals of the purified product in a test tube labeled B. Next perform the phenol test. You must have three test tubes, one labeled A with the crude aspirin product in it, one labeled B with the purified aspirin product in it, and one labeled C with salicylic acid in it. The third test tube labeled C is a control. Add 10 drops of iron (Ill) chloride to each test tube. Record the color observations. After recording the color of each test tube dispose of the waste into the appropriate waste container. Next, obtain a capillary tube. Fill the capillary tube with dry purified product. Invert the capillary tube and stick the open end of the capillary tube in the densest part of the crystal sample. Turn the capillary tube back to the upright position. The crystal product will be stuck at the top of the capillary tube. Tap the crystal product down to the bottom of the capillary tube. Load the capillary tube into the melting point apparatus and begin heating. Record the temperature range that the sample melts within. Once the melting point has been determined turn off the apparatus so it may cool and dispose of your capillary tube in the appropriate waste bin. Clean and dry any glassware used and return it to the appropriate location. Results: Conclusion: The mass of the crude aspirin product was 4. 791 g. Due to apparent wetness of the product it is estimated that half of the mass is due to moisture. Taking this into account, the actual mass of the crude aspirin product is reduced to 2. Egg. The theoretical yield of crude aspirin product is 2. Egg. This information gave us a percent yield of 91. 89%. The mass of the purified aspirin product was 0. 301 g. Due to apparent wetness of the product it is estimated that half of the mass is uh to moisture. Taking this into account, the actual mass of the purified aspirin product is reduced to O. Egg. The percent yield of purified aspirin product was 5. 77%. This low percent yield of purified aspirin product was due to a few different factors. The first factor that caused a low percent yield was caused because we lost some crude product when we were moving our crude product from the weigh boat to the 25 ml Erlenmeyer flask. Another factor that could have caused a low percent yield was that when no crystals formed after adding drops of petroleum ether we placed our 25 ml Erlenmeyer flask back on the to plate at 125 degrees Celsius. We could have accidentally boiled off some of our product. The third factor that caused a low percent yield of our purified product was that when we vacuum filtered our purified product, some of our purified product fell through the filter and into the side arm flask. Maybe if we hadnt turned the water on so high it might not have fell through the filter. The results of the phenol test were that test tube A, which contained crude aspirin product, had no change in color and remained orange upon adding iron (Ill) chloride. This led us to believe that our crude aspirin product did not contain NY phenol groups and was pure aspirin. Test tube B, which contained purified aspirin product also had no change in color and remained orange upon adding iron (Ill) chloride. This led us to believe that our purified aspirin product did not contain any phenol group and was pure aspirin. Test tube C, which contained salicylic acid, had an extreme change in color and turned dark purple. This was an expected result because salicylic acid has phenol groups and when iron (Ill) chloride is added it turned dark purple due to the concentration of the phenol groups present in the solution. Test tube C was our control.

Micro economic environment Essay Example

Micro economic environment Essay Example Micro economic environment Paper Micro economic environment Paper The economic environment consists of external factors in a business market and the broader economy that can influence a business. You can divide the economic environment into the microeconomic environment, which affects business decision-making such as individual actions of firms and consumers, and the macroeconomic environment, which affects an entire economy and all of its participants. Many economic factors act as external constraints on your business, which means that you have little, if any, control over them. Lets take a look at both of these broad factors in more detail Macroeconomic influences are broad economic factors that either directly or indirectly affect the entire economy and all of its participants, including your business. These factors include such things as: Interest rates Taxes Inflation Currency exchange rates Consumer discretionary income Savings rates Consumer confidence levels unemployment rate Recession Depression Microeconomic factors influence how your business will make decisions. Unlike macroeconomic factors, these factors are far less broad in scope and do not necessarily affect the entire economy as a whole. Microeconomic actors influencing a business include: Market size Demand Us apply Competitors Suppliers Distribution chain such as retailer stores Why Is It Important? The economic environment of business will play a pivotal role in determining the success or failure of a business. Lets first consider some macroeconomic factors. If interest rates are too high, the cost of borrowing may not permit a business to expand. On the other hand, if unemployment rate is high, businesses can obtain labor at cheaper costs. However, if unemployment is too high, this may result in a recession and less discretionary consumer pending resulting in insufficient sales to keep the business going. Tax rates will take a chunk of your income and currency exchange rates can either help or hurt the exporting of your products to specific foreign markets. Now, lets turn our attention to microeconomic factors for a bit. Market size may determine the viability of entering into a new market. If a market is too small, there may not be sufficient demand and profit potential. This leads us to the concept of demand and supply. If your product is in high demand but there is low supply of it, you are going to make a tidy profit, but if your product is in low demand and the market is flooded with similar products, you may be facing bankruptcy. The quality and quantity of your competition will affect how well you do in winning customers in the marketplace. Suppliers are the arteries pumping vital supplies and resources to you for production. If you have problems with suppliers, it can clog up those arteries and cause serious problems. Likewise, the type of relationship you have with your distributors, such as retail stores, may influence how quickly your products leave their helves. Summary The environment in which a business operates is very complex and has a great deal of influence on how a business performs and whether it will succeed. Macroeconomic factors influence not only a business but also all participants in an economy and include such things as interest rates, inflation, unemployment rates, taxes, discretionary spending, periods of growth and recession. Microeconomic factors also influence the success or failure of a business and include such things as market size, demand, supply, competitors, suppliers, and distributors.