Taro Leaves Drying Kinetics and Monolayer Moisture Content

Taro Leaves Drying Kinetics and Monolayer Moisture Content INTRODUCTION |1 A study on the drying kinetics and monolayer moisture content of taro leaves This research was aimed to develop dehydrated products based on Taro leaves and finding out the effect of drying parameters such as loading density and temperature on that control the drying kinetics. To determine the end point of drying studies on the sorption isotherm was conducted. From the moisture sorption isotherm data, the monolayer moisture content was estimated by Braunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) equation using data up to a water activity (aw) of 0.52 and monolayer moisture content was found to be 8.92 g water per 100 g solid for taro leaves. By using another most important model, GAB (Guggenheim-Anderson-DeBoer) model, using data up to aw=0.9, the monolayer moisture content of taro leaves was found to be 19.78g water per 100 gm solid. INTRODUCTION It is estimated that by 2020, the population of Bangladesh will be as high as 200 million, which means that there is a need to produce more food from the limited land resources. In this context, there is a need to explore alternate food crops, which could supply food in food insecurity situations. â€Å"Taro† can be the alternative to the other vegetables for developing and under developed country. Apart from acting as cheap energy and dietary source, this crop provides other micronutrients, vitamins and dietary fiber as well. In Bangladesh, taro is used as vegetable throughout the country. Corms and cormels are used as starchy vegetables whereas leaves and leaf stalks are used as ‘shak’. During famine, a large number of people reportedly survive simply on food materials made by boiling the corms, cormels, stolons, leaf stalks and leaves of different varieties of Taro. The subfamily Colocasioideae of family Araceae consists of three edible tubercrops, namely taro (Colocasia esculenta Schott), `tannia (Xanthosoma spp.) and giant Taro (Alocasia spp.). Among these crops, taro and tannin are cultivated to a larger extent, while giant taro is not as common as commercial crop like the other two. In general, these are crops of third world countries, particularly grown in Africa and Asia. About 88 % of the total world acreage is in Africa which produces about 80% of total production (Onwueme, 1978). Among the three crops, taro is more common in South-East Asia. It is one of the ancient crops with an interesting history blending with the evolution of agricultural systems (Gopalan et al., 1974). A large number of horticultural varieties of taro are widely cultivated in Bangladesh and still larger varieties grow wild. During the rainy season when other vegetables are in scarcity in Bangladesh this taro goes a long way to meet the demand for vegetables. The leaves, petioles, stolons, corms and cormels, and indeed all the parts of some taro are taken as food in large quantities by the rural population in our country. Hence the use of Taro as vegetables, both leaves and roots, in the diets of the people of our country assumes special and added importance. The taro has also medicinal value. Processed Bishknchu is used in Ayurvedic medicine for the treatment of rheumatism. Juice from petioles and whole leaves are used as antiseptic to check bleeding from minor injury in the rural areas of Bangladesh (Chowdhury, 1975). The possibility of wider use of the Taro leaves as vegetables crops in our country may be ascribed to their unusual environmental adaptability and ease of cultivation. The lowland types grow in standing water which is rarely possible for other crops. The taro can be produced with minimum capital investment. Growing of this crop does not require any special technological skill. Their keeping quality in most cases is excellent. The best way of preserving the leasfy vegetables is drying or dehydration. This process costs less, then other preserving methods and require simple instrument. The type and conditions of the blanching treatment prior to drying affect the retention of ascorbic acid, carotene, and ash in the dried vegetables. The sun-dried vegetables had inferior color, texture and acceptability compared to the vegetables dried in the cabinet dryer. In the mechanical dryer, desired temperature and airflow could be maintained. Compared to sun/solar drying, higher airflow and temperature can be used in mechanical drying. This leads to high production rates and improved quality products due to shorter drying time and reduction of the risk of insect infestation and microbial spoilage as well as minimum nutrient loss. Since mechanical drying is not dependent on sunlight so it can be done as and when necessary. Based on the above information, the present experiment was broadly aimed to study on development of shelf stable taro (Colocassia esculenta) leaves product. The specific objectives of this study are as follows: To determine the composition of fresh and processed Taro leaves To develop the isotherm To study the drying characteristics of taro leaves during mechanical and vacuum drying To study the storage stability of processed taro leaves Materials and methods 3.2.3 Sorption isotherm studies The moisture sorption properties of dried Taro leaves were determined at room temperature under conditions of various relative humidity (11-93% RH) in the vacuum desiccators. The various RH conditions were achieved in vacuum desiccators using saturated salt solutions. The following salt solutions (Table. 3.1) of known water activity were used for the study (Islam, 1980). Table 3.1: Water activity of saturated salt solution Petri dishes were used for preparing saturated salt solution. The various salts were put in the Petri dish and water is added to give a saturated condition. The method involved putting a small accurately weighed about 1g sample in a previously weighed Petri dish into desiccators contained saturated salt solutions. The sample and the solution was separated a perforated plate to avoid mixing. The desiccators were evacuated to less than 50 Torr. At various intervals, the vacuum was broken with air, the sample weighed and replaced in the desiccators, which was then re-evacuated. The sample was weighed daily in the initial period and less often, as the sample started to reach equilibrium. Weighing was continued until the sample weights were constant two days in row. In the mid-1970s, water activity came to the forefront as a major factor in understanding the control of the deterioration of reduced moisture, drugs and biological systems (Labuza, 1975). It was found that the general modes of deterioration, namely physical and physicochemical modifications, microbiological growth, and both aqueous and lipid phase chemical reactions were all influenced by the thermodynamic availability of water (water activity) as well as the total moisture content of the system. Control of initial moisture content and moisture migration is critical to the quality and safety of foods. Ideally, food manufacturers develop products with defined moisture contents to produce a safe product with optimum shelf- life. Quality and safety factors that the manufacturer must consider are microbial stability, physical properties, sensory properties, and the rate of chemical changes leading to loss of shelf-life. Water activity or the equilibrium relative humidity of a system is defined as: Where Vapor pressure of water in equilibrium with the dry system Saturation vapor pressure of pure water at the same temperature. Sorption properties of floods (equilibrium moisture content and monolayer moisture) are essential for the design and optimization of many processes such as drying, packaging and storage (Muhtaseb et al., 2002).The moisture sorption isotherms show the equilibrium amount of water sorbed onto a solid as a function of steady state vapor pressure at a constant temperature (Bell and Labuza, 2000). There are many empirical equations that describe this behavior, but the water sorption properties at various RHs should be experimentally determined for each material. The general shape of the isotherm, specific surface area of the sample, reversibility of moisture uptake, presence and shape of a hysteresis loop provide information on the manner of interaction of the solid with water (Swaminathan and Kildsig, 2001). Sorption properties are important in predicting the physical state of materials at various conditions, because most structural transformations and phase transitions are significantly affected by water (Roos, 1995). Langmuir (1917) developed an equation based on the theory that the molecules of gas are adsorbed on the active sites of the solid to form a layer one molecule thick (monolayer). The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) sorption model (Brunauer et al.1938) is often used in modeling water sorption particularly to obtain the monolayer value (Eq. 2.10) which gives the amount of water that is sufficient to form a layer of water molecules of the thickness of one molecule on the adsorbing surface (Bell and Labuza 2000, Roos, 1995). The BET monolayer value has been said to be optimal water content for stability of low-moisture materials (Labuza, 1975 and Roos, 1995). The BET equation was developed based on the fact that sorption occurs in two distinct thermodynamic states; a tightly bound portion and multilayer having the properties of bulk free water (Zografi and Kontny, 1986). The BET equation is: Where, = the measured moisture at water activity = the monolayer moisture content (the optimal moisture content for maximum storage stability of a dry food); c = the isotherm temperature dependence coefficient (energy constant) Vanchy (2002) determined the moisture sorption isotherm of Whole milk powder (WMP). The WMPs were stored at 20 and 35 °C under 11%, 22% and 33% relative humidity . The monolayer moisture content was 4.8%, (solids not fat basis) at 0. 11 using the BET equation and 5.1 % at 0.23 according to the GAB equation. Nikolay et al. (2005) determined the moisture equilibrium data (adsorption and desorption) of semi-defatted (fat 10.6 % wet basis) pumpkin seed flour using the static gravimetric method of saturated salt solutions at three temperatures 10 °C, 25 °C, and 40 °C, found that the equilibrium moisture content decreased with the increase in storage temperature at any given water activity. They fitted the experimental data to five mathematical models (modified Oswin, modified Halsey, modified Chung-Host, modified Henderson and GAB). The GAB model was found to be the most suitable for describing the sorption data. The monolayer moisture content was estimated using the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) equation. The BET model (Brunauer et al. 1938) gives the best fit to the data at aw of up to 0.5 (Bell and Labuza 2000, Roos 1995). Guggenheim-Anderson-de Boer (GAB) sorption model (Anderson 1946, Boer 1953, Guggenheim 1966) introduces a third state of sorbed species intermediate to the tightly bound and free states. The GAB equation has a similar form to BET, but has an extra constant, K (equation 2.11). BET is actually a special case of GAB. The GAB equation is: Isotherm equations are useful for predicting the water sorption properties of a material, but no equation gives results accurate throughout the entire range of water activities. According to Timmermann (2003), the GAB monolayer value is always higher than the BET monolayer value. Prediction of water sorption is needed to establish water activity and water content relationship for materials (Roos, 1995) Where m = the measured moisture at water activity; = the monolayer moisture content (the optimal moisture content for maximum storage stability of a dry food), =the GAB multi-layer constant; c=the isotherm temperature dependence coefficient (energy constant). The GAB model can be used to a maximum water activity of 0.9. The following procedure is suggested by Biozt (1983) to fit data on water activities and equilibrium moisture content. Equation (2.11) can be transformed as follows: Where Equation (2.12) indicates that GAB equation is a three-parameter model. The water activity and equilibrium moisture content date are regressed using equation (2.12) and values of three coefficients, and are obtained. From these coefficients, the values of k,, and c can be calculated. To overcome this weakness of the GAB equation, modifications of the equation have been proposed (Schuchmann et al. 1990; Timmermann and Chirife 1991). Timmermann and Chirife (1991) used one additional parameter in the GAB model and studied the so-called third stage of sorption using experimental data of starch with satisfactory results. Isotherm equations are useful for predicting the water sorption properties of a material, but no equation gives results accurate throughout the entire range of water activities. According to Timmermann (2003), the GAB monolayer value is always higher than the BET monolayer value. Prediction of water sorption is needed to establish water activity and water content relationship for materials (Roos, 1995). Results and discussion: The sorption isotherm is an extremely valuable tool for food scientist because it can be used to predict potential changes in food stability, for selection of packaging, for selection of ingredient and for predicting drying time. A sorption isotherm for dehydrated taro leaves obtained by Vacuum oven drying (VOD) was established to determine how the taro product will behave in a confined environment. To obtain the moisture sorption isotherm, moisture content (dry basis) versus water activity were plotted on linear graph paper (Figure 4.1). The results shown in Figure 4.1 (tabulated data given in Appendix-II, Table 2.1), indicate that samples absorb little water particularly at lower aw ( Figure 4.1 Graphical presentation of sorption isotherm of Taro The water sorption isotherm of taro follows the shape of the sigmoid type isotherm. The resultant curve is caused by the combination of colligative effects (physical properties of solution), capillary effects, and surface-water interactions (Bell and Labuza, 2000). A distinct knee usually indicates a formation of a well-defined monolayer. The monolayer moisture content was estimated using the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) equation. The BET equation is an extension of the Langmuir relationship that accounts for multilayer coverage. BET equation was used (eq. 2.10) to calculate monolayer moisture content (mo) and energy constant (C). mo represents the optimal moisture for maximum storage stability in the dry state. Results obtained from BET equation are shown in Table 4.2. Table 4.2 Data for BET and GAB methods From the slope and intercept of BET equation (Appendix II, Figure 2.1), monolayer moisture content and energy constant of taro leaves calculated for VOD samples. The monolayer moisture content of taro leaves was found to be 8.92g water per 100 g solid (Table 4.2). The calculated monolayer moisture content are greater than those found by Islam (1980) who reported 5.5 for potato slice and 6 for potato powder and by Kamruzzaman (2005) who reported 7.52 for aroids. Another important model of sorption isotherm behavior stated by GAB (Guggenheim-Anderson-DeBoer) in equation 2.11 and 2.12 to determine the monolayer moisture content of food products. This is very important for safe level of storage of food. Dry foods are usually considered to be most stable to chemical reactions if their moisture content is at or near the BET monolayer (Labuza et al., 1970). Usually air dried products are dried to moisture content corresponding to aw 0.6 (Nickerson and Sinskey, 1977). From this study it is seen that VOD taro leaves give 25% (Figure 4.1) moisture content at 0.6 aw. From this standpoint, freeze dried products are considered best for sorption studies (Islam, 1980). It may be mentioned here that the current study was concerned with adsorption isotherm so as to avoid risk due to hysteresis effect. At same moisture content adsorption path gives higher water activity than desorption path. Thus product dried to safe aw level according to adsorption isotherm will be even safer when it follows desorption path. After fitting data (Appendix II) the following figure was developed and from the developed equation the monolayer moisture content of taro leaves were found for GAB model. Fig. 4.2 Graphical presentation of GAB model of sorption isotherm From the developed Figure (4.2) and equation (4.1) the coefficients found, and were -0.121, 0.114 and -0.003 respectively (Table 4.2). Taking k= 0.9 and found the monolayer moisture content 19.78gm water per 100 gm solid. It is shown that the standard GAB equation is adequate to describe experimental data for water activity values up to 0.90 but fails to adequately describe the experimental data when data in the range of aw 0.9-1.0 are included in the calculation.

Facilitating Change in Health and Social Care Management

Facilitating Change in Health and Social Care Management Summary There needs to be a summary of the major points, conclusions, and recommendations. It needs to be short as it is a general overview of the report. Some people will read the summary and only skim the report, so make sure you include all the relevant information. It would be best to write this last so you will include everything, even the points that might be added at the last minute. Normally it start with past tense Introduction According to Kotter (1999), change management is a set of principles, techniques, and prescriptions embed to the human aspects of executing major change initiatives in organisational settings. It is strategic tool deploy by management to re-direct the use of resources, business process, budget allocations, or other modes of operation that radically reshape a company. The focus of this report is on Beacon Edge Care Home(BECH), a care home that provides support and care for 33 people with Dementia. An inspection was conducted on 21th and 22th of November 2016, and on the 13 of December 2016 unannounced by the Care Quality Commission (CQC) and the outcome of the inspection indicated that Beacon Edge Care Home has not made any improvement based on the recommendations of the first inspection conducted by CQC and the home does not have a registered manager on duty at the time of the inspection.   Regulatory body later found out that BECH does not even have a registered manager as stipula ted under Health and Social Care Act 2008 (Edwards, 2013). The Act indicated that it is mandatory that registered providers of care have a registered persons. A Registered person have legal responsibility for meeting the requirements under Health and Social Care Act 2008 and has the necessary qualifications, competence, skills and experience to supervise the management of the regulated activity (CQC, 2017). The researcher of this report will be the new manager of BECH and will be responsible for implementing change within the organisation.   The manager will need to identify and make required changes before the next inspection by CQC According to Kotter (1999), to implement change in an organisation, the firm have to understand their environment, their strengths and weaknesses and identify areas of improvement that could lead to change management. Hence, to gain a clearer of pictures of the problems facing Beacon Edge Care Home, the researcher will need to conduct a PEST analysis to identify the strength and weakness and areas of improveme nt of BECH. The key factors that can bring change in Beacon Edge Care Home management is be by conducting identifying the strength, weaknesses, areas of improvement as well as turning weaknesses to opportunities. The PEST Analysis and SWOT Analysis will be deployed as factors that can drive change in Beacon Edge Care Home. A PEST analysis is an analysis of the external macro-environment that affects all firms. It helps organisation to determine how political, economic, social and technology can impact the performance and activities of an organisation in the long-term (Daft, 2011). Political Factors Beacon Edge Care Home would assess the political factors affecting its organisation for failing to comply with regulatory bodies like Care Quality Commission. In the report, CQC indicated that their recommendations from the first visit was not implemented and BECH violated   health and safety Act 1974 by not having adequate   care plans and risk assessments to meet the individual needs of people who used their service   and medicines given to service users were poorly managed, hence people are placed at risk of not receiving their medicines as prescribed (Devorshak, 2012).BECH breaches different regulations in the BECH for not   providing adequate care for their service users. Person centred approach was not notable during the CQC visit, there was lack of good governance and staffing, servicers were given the wrong medicine and local health and social care professionals were concerned about the inconsistent of management team in the home. For the new manager to facilitate cha nge in the organisation, all regulatory bodies and environmental issues will need to evaluated and change to meet the needs of the service users. Economic Factors Beacon Edge Care Home should review their employment policies and ensure that it is in compliance with health and Social care requirement of employing candidate that have the right skill set needed in the establishment (Devorshak, 2012). The report indicated that service rendered by BECH to their clients was not adequate and staff lack the understanding and the requirements of the Mental Capacity Act 2005. Training and development strategy will need to be deployed by the new manager to continually improve the skill of the workforce. Social Factors The manager of Beacon Edge Care Home would need to conduct critical evaluation how the organisation meet the needs of the patients Beacon Edge Care Home. The gap in service delivery will enable the manager to understand the areas that need immediate change (Devorshak, 2012). The CQC report indicated that employees of the organisation have no idea how to meet the cultural and social needs of the patients Technology The new manager of Beacon Edge Care Home should investigate how technology can enhance the delivery of quality service to their patients. This can be conducted by looking at current quality cycle of the service provided and factor areas that will be easier to implement with the introduction of technology. SWOT Analysis SWOT Analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) is a strategic tool used by organisations to understand their strengths and weaknesses, and to identify their opportunities and threats (Rego and Nunes, 2010).Strengths and weaknesses analysis the internal structure of the organisation, while opportunities and threats generally relate to external factor that the business do have control of (Rego and Nunes, 2010).The researcher will focus on the internal structure of the Beacon Edge Care Home by looking at the strengths and weaknesses. Strengths The strength of Beacon Edge Care Home is the staff. People that were spoken during the inspection indicated that the staff were very caring, pleasant and helpful. Patients were comfortable with the staff as well as they find them very friendly helpful. Further, visitor to the home also indicated that the staff were excellent. The management is blessed with good staff. However, the management lack leadership and do not follow the regulatory bodies criteria especially noncompliance with Health and Social Care Act 2008. Weaknesses Beacon Edge Care Home lack leadership. CQC report on the inspection of BECH indicated that the care and service provided by the organisation is not fit for purpose. Confidential information is not kept secured and did not meet the requirements of the Data Protection Act 1998. There are catalogues of regulation breaches and there is was no registered person on the premises during the time of the inspection that can help the organisation to meet the requirement of different regulatory bodies. The two major weaknesses   are lack of leadership and skilled workers that understand the requirement of Data protection, Act, Health and Safety Act 1974 and the Mental Capacity Act 2005. The new managers will need to evaluate the weaknesses of the organisations such noncompliance with regulations bodies, lack of leadership and lack of training for the employees in order to implement changes in the organisation. The home has good and dedicated staff, Beacon Edge Care Home can tap into by providing leadership, firstly getting a registered person on board and providing training and development for existing staff as well as employing staff with key skills to fill the gaps identified. Opportunities The new managers can help to turn things around in the organisation. There is opportunity to recruit and train existing staff on different requirements associated with health and social care The report by CQC on BECH highlighted most of issues the company need to resolve and this   presents the opportunity for BECH to implement these changes in order to improve their rating   health and social care rating,  Ã‚   customers satisfaction, staff satisfaction and other stakeholders 1.2 The challenges that key factors of change bring to health and social care services Business organisations are faced with different challenges. The health and social care organisations are not immune from these challenges as well. The critical evaluation of the Care Quality Commission report on Beacon Edge Care Home clearly shows that the organisation is faced with various challenges such as: Lack of management support Financial resources Equipment Lack of leadership, Training and development for employee Shortage of staff with key skills, Maintaining quality Effective use of resources Noncompliance with different regulatory bodies. Lack of communication and coordination To implement change, Beacon Edge Care Home must address these issues. 1.2.1 Lack of leadership The CQS report on the home shows that the organisation lack leadership. Daft (2011) describe leadership as individual that have the ability to inspire, mobilise and encourage people to achieve the goals of an organisation. A leader has to be organised, have the ability to delegate task and ensure that all the arms of the business is consistent with all the goals of the organisation. Beacon Edge Care Home lack leadership that is organised, coherent and the ability to inspire staff to meet the objectives of the home (Edwards, 2013). For instance, there was no registered manager on duty during the inspection and no senior management oversight to help ensure effective quality monitoring and improvements were carried out.   The management of Beacon Edge Care Home would need to employ a registered manager according to the Health and Social Care Act 2008. Registered persons have legal responsibility for meeting the requirements in the Health and Social Care Act 2008 and associated Regulat ions about how the service is run. 1.2.2 Lack of management support Change is hard to implement without the support of the management. Shore (2012) suggested that management should be in the forefront of supporting desirable change because such change will increase the profitability of the company. It is obvious from the case study that the management of BECH is in shambles and the management do not have an idea of what is needed to improve the delivery of their services to their patients. This is one   of the main challenges facing the organisation. The managers must employ a democratic leadership that will enable all employees to cultivate a culture of quality assurance in order for BECH to meet the regulatory bodies requirement and to effectively meet the needs of their service user. 1.2.3 Financial Resources The process of implementing change in an organisation can be affected with lack of financial resources.   Financial resources maybe recruiting top notch manager, training employee to meet the expectation of customers or fund to acquire new equipment.   In the case of BECH, the business is faced with different problems and financial constraints maybe one of them. It could be the reason why the company did not employ competent and skilled workforce for effective management of their operations and services. 1.2.4 Lack of communication and coordination Communication at Beacon Edge Care Home was ineffective, wrong drugs are given to patients, staff are not clear on their roles and management Care plans were not focused on upon individual preferences, choices, needs and abilities, in addition, patients received inconsistent care because staff focused on tasks rather than supporting people with their individual needs and preferences. The roles of individual staff need to be defined and the quality of their work would need to be monitor by their supervisor. Supervisor should schedule meetings with staff on a regular basis to communicate what need to be achieved and the approaches staff need to deployed to achieve those goals. 2.1 In relation to the CQC report on Beacon Edge Care Home, the strategy and criteria for measuring recent changes in health and social care have to be effective and efficient.   Hence, it is essential to set up a system that will allow the organisation to know the changes made will work, how to know changes that resulted in improvement and which changes is most vital and have resulted in the most significant improvement. Thus, by collecting data before, during, and after the change have been implemented, Beacon Edge Care Home can measure, evaluate, and compare their home progress with respect to the goals set out. The process of measuring changes should be simple to implement and have immediate impact. Based on these facts, the researcher decided to deploy the use of questionnaires and surveys, interview with service users and employees and discussion with other stakeholders to measure improvement in the services provided by Beacon Edge Care Home. According to Davis (2010), criteria is a standard set by organisation as target that is decided upon.   Setting criteria will enable Beacon Edge Care Home to identify areas that needed improvement and base line for measurement. The Home will need to consider the new and previous recommendations made by CQC which that services provided by the Home have to be effective, responsive, safe, well-led and caring in order to meet the expectations of their service users. A strategy is the direction and scope of an organisation over the long-term: which achieves advantage for the organisation through its configuration of resources within a challenging environment, to meet the needs of markets and to fulfil stakeholder expectations. The plan for strategic and measurement will need to address the factors identified by the CQO in the report and to meet the criteria of the Health and Safety Act 2008. Questionnaire is a qualitative method that can be used to   measure gather information from service user about effectiveness of the service provided. According to Creswell (2014), questionnaire is a research instrument with a written set of questions given to people to collect facts or opinions about a study. It a relatively cheaper and efficient way of collecting large amounts of information a sample of people. In the case, the questionnaire will be design to rate the effectiveness of the service provided, if the staff are responsive and caring, also if the Home conduct risk assessment on their patients and their environment. This will provide a compressive idea of the changes that have been implemented is effective and improve the level of service to the stakeholders. Questionnaire is an effective instrument because it will provide management fast result and it can be easily quantified. It can be used to measure customer or staff satisfaction. Interview is a qualitative approach of gathering information from participants. Interviewing involves asking questions and getting answers from participants in a study.   Interviewing has a variety of forms including: individual, face-to-face interviews and face-to-face group interviewing.   The asking and answering of questions can be mediated by the telephone or other electronic devices (e.g. computer (Wiley, 2014). Interviews can be structured, semi-structure or unstructured. The use of interview techniques at Beacon Edge Care Home to collate data from patients and other stakeholders will provide an insight into the quality of service rendered by the organisation. This can be a semi structured interview by asking patients about specific question about the quality of service and the organisation is meeting their needs in terms of caring, responsive and effective. These approaches and strategies will enable the management of Beacon Edge Care Home to measure the effectiveness of the changes made to meet the criteria of the CQO. CQC drives improvement in the quality of health and social care services. It regulates against the registration requirements set out in regulations to the 2008 Act. These are the essential standards of quality and safety that providers are legally required to meet. These standards therefore represent the minimum quality bar which all providers of regulated activities must meet and should not dip below. 2.2 Measuring the impact of recent changes on health and social care services against set criteria Creswell (2014) defined data collection as the process of gathering and measuring information on variables of interest, in an established systematic fashion that enables one to answer stated research questions, test hypotheses, and evaluate outcomes. In the case of Beacon Edge Care Home, compliance and adherence report, employee engagement and participation, Issue, compliance and error logs, observation of behaviour change, employee feedbacks and employee readiness assessment results were used to measure the recent changes against the set criteria.   Observation of employee engagement with service users, issue, compliance and error logs as well as the employee feedbacks provided crucial information about the changes made at Beacon Edge Care Home against the recommendations made by the CQO. The changes ade by the manager of BECH has enhanced the communication between care workers and service user, improved the provision of person centred care, the management if medicine which was a major problem before and effective care home engagement to ensure that patients are not exposed to any hazard or risk that may cause them harm. 2.3 The overall impact of recent changes in health and social care The recent changes made by the manager and management has improved the quality of service provided by by Beacon Edge Care Home. The appointment of a registered person that understand the criterias and codes of conduct of health and social care, enabled the organisation to comply with various regulations and legislations. For instance, a competent and qualified person was assigned by the manager to monitor and measure health and safety procedures in the organisation. This include conducting risk assessment, reports of incident, communicating changes in operational model to management etc. The registered person on the other hand ensured that training and development are provided for employees, observation conducted to ensure staff are effective and responsive on delivering their duties and survey on patients to measure their level of satisfaction. In most organisation, changing the ways of doing things can either lead to positive or negative outcome. However, the most essential is to h ave management that is open to change and not afraid to implement new approaches. Hence, Beacon Edge Care Home need to continuously monitor and measure the changes that have just been implemented and also look for areas of improvement to in order to meet the ever-changing needs of their service users (Shore, 2012). 2.4 Propose appropriate service responses to recent changes in health and social care services There many approaches and techniques BECH can deployed to response to recent changes in health and social care services The Care Act 2014 underpin the way people receive care and provide a vehicle to communicate changes health and social care services. Regarding BECH, the management can response to recent changes in health and social care services through the following: Training: The case study highlighted BECH lack skilled employees that understand the regulatory requirement of working in health and social care organisation. This will need to be addressed either by employing skilled workers or providing training for old workforce to gain the competency of needed to be a care worker. Compliance with different regulatory bodies requirements: There were different breaches of regulations during the inspection by CQO. For instance, confidential data were not kept secured (Data Act violation), Health and Safety of service user and staff did not comply with the requirement of Mental Capacity Act 2005. The new registered person or manager has to ensure that the cultivate a culture of quality management and effective communication of different policies, procedure and regulations of health and social care to the workforce Continuous quality improvement of services rendered by the organisation: BECH should continue toi improve the level of their service delivery through the quality management tools like Kaizen quality control or quality cycle of Deming. According to Coy and Adams (2012) quality Management tools help organisation collect and analyse data for employees to easily understand and interpret information. Quality Management models require extensive planning and collecting relevant information about end-users. Customer feedbacks and expectations need to be carefully monitored and evaluated to deliver superior quality products. By embracing this approach, BECH, management will be able to meet and exceed the expectations of their service users. Embrace current best practice to treating people and supporting the specialist needs of people living with dementia:BECH provides care and home for people with dementia. It is essential the company lassie with other service providers, professional sand specialist in the field of providing care for people with dementia in order to provide appropriate and adequate service to their clients. Monitoring and managing medicines administered in the way that meet the requirement of the regulatory body: To meet the requirement of Mental Capacity Act 2005, the manager BECH have to monitor and manage the way drugs are administered to their patients. This was one of the findings in the inspection by CQO, patients were given the wrong drugs which can make their situation worse. 3.1 The key principles of change management In the todays business environment, change is inevitable and understanding the principles of change is equally vital. There different principles of change that Beacon Edge Care Home can deploy to meet the expectations of their service users and the objectives of the organisation. John M Fisher and John Kotter are change management theories that have made significant contribution to the subject. Others are Kurt Lewins change management model, Burke-Lewins causal change model; action research; gap analysis and Kà ¼bler Ross transition cycle. The researcher will focus on John Kotters Change Model that consist of eight stages. 3.1.1Establish a sense of urgency: Beacon Edge Care Home need to implement change immediately to meet the criteria and recommendations of the CQO 3.1.2 Form a powerful guiding coalition: The organisation need to employ a registered manager that will help coordinate the process to meet the recommendations set on the report about the Home. 3.1.3Create a clear vision; The manager and management have to set a clear vision on what they need to achieve and the changes that need to be made for the survival of the business. 3.1.4 Communicate the vision; The objectives will need to be communicated to the employees and other stakeholders. 3.1.5 Empower others to act on the vision: Training and development for employees, recruitment of skilled specialist is crucial to meet the vison set for change. 3.1.6 Plan and create short-term wins: The plan to me measurable in short term and long term to know if the changes implemented is working. 3.1.7 Consolidate improvements and produce still more change: Need to conduct survey, questionnaires and interview to measure improvement and benchmark the process in order to continuously improve the quality of the service delivery. 3.7.1 Institutionalise new approaches: After measurement of the impact of change and improvement, areas with positive outcomes and improve should be institutionalised. 3.2 How changes in health and social care are planned There are different approaches and techniques that can be deployed in health and social care setting to manage and plan change. However, it is essential to identify areas that needs change and improvement. Regarding Beacon Edge Care Home, the areas that need change and effective planning are the management style, Staff development needs, communication channel and reconditioning. In addition, changes in health and social care   have to consider the local authority, CCG, community needs, quality of care and finance available to BECH before planning can commerce. 3.2.1 Management style is the principles that underline the methods, abilities and techniques managers use in handling situations and expressing leadership within an organisation (Moss and Moss, 2012). The report on the services rendered by Beacon Edge Care Home by CQO was classified as been ineffective, unresponsive, unsafe and not well managed. The management style deploy by the organisation is not meet the needs of the service users and the goals of the Home.   The report indicated that employees do not have an understanding of their roles and duties, hence, the management are communicating with staff about what is expected of them. By embracing a paternalistic style of working the manager decide what is best for the employees as well as the organization. The policies are devised to benefit the employees and the organization. In addition, employee play a part in the decision making and roles and duties of individual staff are communicated to them. By deploying management style, employees would feel attached and loyal to the organisation. 3.2.2 Staff development needs is essential to meet the needs of the service users, in the report, CQO indicated that staff lack the essential training to be a mental nurse. And there were breaches of regulation in relation to person centred care, safe care and treatment, safeguarding service users from abuse and improper treatment, meeting nutritional and hydration needs, good governance and staffing. Lack of staff development through training has led to the health care provider providing inadequate care. There was also lack of effective communication channel between the management and employees which made it difficult for staff to understand their roles and duties in the establishment.   By investing in training and development, staff will be able to acquire the necessarily skills to conduct their duties appropriately and effectively. 3.2.3 Reconditioning refers to an organisation restructuring their goals and objectives to meet the criteria and regulations of sector they operate (Moosavi, 2009). Beacon Edge Care Home clearly deviated from the codes of conduct of health and social care and the criteria of the CQO. Reconditioning will enable the organisation to evaluate the regulations and legislation they have to adhere to meet the criteria of CQO in order to meet the expectations of their service users. 3.3 Monitoring recent changes in health and social care services Effective monitoring of change in the health and social care involves the systematic and analyse of information collected to measure change and meet objectives and help management to make informed decisions (Haluza and Jungwirth, 2016). The monitoring process comprises of internal and external analysis to measure changes. Internal analysis will usually involve supervisors, managers, clinical audit team, team leaders or a registered person. While, external monitoring comprises of CQC, CCGs, Monitor, Audit Commission and Health inspectors. Monitoring is essential in an organisation because it helps to track implementation and outputs systematically, and measure the effectiveness of programmes. It helps determine exactly when a programme is on track and when changes may be needed (Haluza and Jungwirth, 2016). There are various approaches Beacon Edge Care Home can embed to monitor the impact of change in the organisation, some of the techniques are reviewing the service delivery, supervi sion, shadowing, observation, audits, feedbacks, interviews and questionnaires. References Creswell, J. (2014). Research design. 1st ed. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications. Daft, R. (2011). Leadership. 1st ed. [S.l.]: South Western Cengage learning. Devorshak, C. (2012). Plant pest risk analysis. 1st ed. Cambridge, MA: Cabi. Edwards, N. (2013). Implementation of the Health and Social Care Act. BMJ, 346(apr03 1), pp.f2090-f2090. Green, G. (2002). Training and development. 1st ed. Oxford, U.K.: Capstone Pub. Haluza, D. and Jungwirth, D. (2016). ICT and the future of healthcare: Aspects of pervasive health monitoring. Informatics for Health and Social Care, pp.1-11. Kotter, J. (1999). John P. Kotter on what leaders really do. 1st ed. Boston: Harvard Business School Press. Moosavi, S. (2009). Restructure Conflicting Grant Incentives. Science, 326(5952), pp.521-521. Moss, B. and Moss, B. (2012). Communication skills in health and social care. 1st ed. London: SAGE. Rego, G. and Nunes, R. (2010). Hospital Foundation: A SWOT Analysis. iBusiness, 02(03), pp.210-217. Shore, D. (2012). Forces of change. 1st ed. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Wiley, N. (2014). Interviewing Herbert Blumer. Symbolic Interaction, 37(2), pp.300-308.

The Sovereignty and Goodness of God Essay -- American History

The Sovereignty and Goodness of God The Sovereignty and Goodness of God is a primary source document written in the 17th century, by a well-respected, Puritan woman. This book, written in cahoots with Cotton and Increase Mather, puritan ministers, tells the story of her capture by Indians during King Phillip’s War (1675-1676). For three months, Mary Rowlandson, daughter of a rich landowner, mother of three children, wife of a minister, and a pillar of her community lived among â€Å"savage† Indians. This document is important for several reasons. First, it gives us insight into the attitudes, extremes, personalities and â€Å"norms† of the Puritan people we learn about in terms of their beliefs, and John Calvin’s â€Å"house on a hill†. Beyond that, despite the inevitable exaggerations, this book gives us insight into Indian communities, and how they were run and operated during this time. Mary Rowlandson was a pretentious, bold and pious character. Her narrative did not make me feel sorry for her at all, which is strange since she really did go through a lot. During the war, the Narragansett Indians attacked Lancaster Massachusetts, and burned and pillaged the whole village. During the siege Mary and her six year old child were shot, she watched her sister and most of her village either burn or get shot. She was kept as a captive, along with her three children and taken with the Narragansett’s on their long retreat. The exposition of the story is set immediately. The reader is perfectly aware of Missus Rowlandson’s status and religious beliefs. She constantly refers to the Narragansetts in an incredibly condescending way, to the point that you know that she does not even consider them human. She paints them as purely evil pe... ...e child were given boiled horse feet, and after she ate hers she ate the child’s because he/she could not bite it and was only gnawing on it. I think that this narrative is important for us to read in order to understand the mind-sets of the colonists and the Indians at the time of King Philip’s War. I believe that it is an excellent source, and really allows the reader to get a peak at what life was like during the 17th century. I also think that it is amazing that she is the second â€Å"American† woman to write and publish a book, and it is interesting to see how strong she was to preserve her own life in such an unfamiliar and â€Å"uncivilized† situation. Work Cited Rowlandson, Mary. The Sovereignty and Goodness of God. 1682. The Sovereignty and Goodness of God. by Mary Rowlandson with Related Documents. Ed. and intro. Neal Salisbury. Boston: Bedford, 1997.

Letter to Soldier :: War Writing Papers

Letter to Soldier When faced with obstacles in life, people rely on their family and friends to give them support and encouragement. Sometimes, family members can seem harsh and unkind, but their intentions are sincerely good. Mothers will always disapprove of their son’s choice in girlfriends, but she will shed tears of joy at the wedding. Fathers will never like their sons-in-law, but they still tell their daughters that they will find the perfect man. Thirty-year old men will always be treated as if they were ten by their mothers. It has been this way for centuries in our society. A letter from a worried mother to her son, a soldier in the Confederate Army, proved this point. While this young man was, by that time’s standard, an adult, his mother still felt the need to keep her child safe. Aside from the content and ideas relayed in the letter, the document itself is a powerful item from American in history. Reading about a person or event in history is a good experience; a powerful experience, however, is to hold history in your hand and listen to people in their own words. Discovering the story and history behind this letter proved to be even more rewarding than holding and reading the letter itself. Expecting to find a few, uninteresting facts about this Civil War Era, I found that this letter brought to life five southern boys that were thrown off the farm and into battle. The letter also helps to illuminate the way a society lived while it told a story of a mother, her sons, and several friends On January 6, 1863, a mother sat down and wrote her son a letter. The author of the letter was a forty-five year old woman named Kerney A. Stocks. She was writing to her son, John, who was a soldier in the Civil War. From what she mentioned in the letter, she was a very passionate woman. She made some very blatant remarks concerning her feelings toward her son’s behavior. For example, Mrs. Stocks says, â€Å"I feel [sort of] mad this morning because I did not get no letter from you yesterday,† expressing her displeasure to her son. Kerney Stocks was more than likely a middle class woman, since she could read and write.

A Mixed Economic System Would Benefit the United Kingdom Essay

A Mixed Economic System Would Benefit the United Kingdom Two main economic systems have been developed since the Industrial Revolution, these are Capitalism and Socialism. Both systems have advantages and disadvantages, this essay will explain these, and also give my proposals for a mixed system for the whole society of the United Kingdom. Capitalism Capitalism generally started as an economic system in the United Kingdom at the time of the Industrial Revolution. The basic explanation of Capitalism would be to say that 'the economy is left to its own devices with no Government intervention'. A Capitalist economy is a market economy where all economic decision making is decentralised, and the Government will only supply national defence, administer justice and provide certain public works. The goods that are provided in a Capitalist economy are decided by individuals who choose how to use their labour and spend their income. All resources are privately owned and will only be used for obtaining the highest profit. Advantages of Capitalism There are many advantages to a Capitalist economic system which could make it very appealing to society. The system allows the powers of market forces to operate which in turn gives the consumer a wider range of goods and services. Also because producers are always seeking the highest profit they must try to please the consumer and win their custom. This leads to innovation and greater quality and variety. The firms which produce the correct goods and services will win custom and make profit, those which don't will go out of business and therefore release their resources to the successful firms. This will lead to the expansion of the economy and greater prosperity. In summing up the advantages, it is clear to see that the consumer has the power to dictate the goods in the economy. Disadvantages of Capitalism As discussed in the advantages of Capitalism the consumer has all the power in the economy. However individuals purchasing power is drastically unequal because of the inequality of wealth within the economy. This is due to the fact that some people will always be able to work harder, be more innovative and be more talented than others, and therefore be more profitable and promote themselves higher in the economy whilst others will fail. Because of the inequality of wealth in a truly Capitalist society with... ... Since the war the Government has still kept a lot of control but the opportunity for entrepreneurship is available. The economy in the United Kingdom is, as far as I can see, the only way a society can flourish. The Government tax people but provide, health care, infrastructure, education and welfare as well as owning certain industries to keep some form of economic planning available to them. However recently the Government has sold off a lot of nationalised industries and this has allowed for more competition and moves the economy in to a more Capitalist state. Conclusion In a Capitalist society there is great suffering because of the great inequality but in a Socialist society it seems that, even though the idea of everyone living equally in harmony is appealing, the fact of the matter is that the only equality that people will share is the equality of no choice and oppression. True Socialism can never work in any society because it is human nature to want mare than you have and to strive to achieve this. Countries that say they are socialist seem to me to be more of a dictatorship. A true mix between the two must be achieved to sustain a healthy economy and a happy society.

Sons And Lovers Eaxamine The R Essay -- essays research papers

Sons and Lovers: Examine the Relationships Paul has with the Women in his Life. Paul Morel is the main character in DH Lawrence's novel 'Sons and Lovers'. The story charts his early life from when his parents married and the subsequent birth of four children, through childhood and early adulthood to the death of his mother. During this time three women have a major impact on his life, his mother, Miriam and Clara. Each has the most influence at different times in his life and can be attributed to his childhood, being a young man and early adulthood respectively; but each woman's influence carries on to shape Paul into the man he becomes. From the very beginning there is a connection between Paul and his mother in that he looks like her with his dark hair and blue eyes. As a child 'he seemed old for his years', grave and serious like Mrs Morel. He is a quiet boy but spirited much like his mother and this increases with age as his other's influence becomes more apparent. 'When she fretted he understood, and could have no peace. His soul seemed always attentive to her' is the way their attachment is described; their bond is very strong and very deep. As Paul grew older she never suffered alone for her husband's faults and what she lacked in life because 'her children suffered with her'. 'It hurt the boy keenly, this feeling about her, that she had never had her life's fulfilment' so much so that it became his 'childish aim' to provide it. When he began to work 'it was almost as if it were her own life'. 'Paul almost hated his mother' for this suffering when his father did not come home from work. He felt she should not waste herself on a man like his father when she could rely on her son. This stems from the jealousy Paul feels of his father because of his place in the household, in his mother's affections and efforts, all of which he disregards. Paul never had a strong constitution as he was subject to bouts of bronchitis. Described as 'delicate', this accounted for his mother's 'difference in feeling for him' compared with her other children. She treated him more tenderly and felt he was of a better mettle than her other children but physically weaker so 'she always felt a mixture of anguish in her love for him'. Further to this Paul could never go home 'empty to his mother' not even when collecting blackberries and because he never did so she did not expe... ...her. Sunday comes between his visits and it goes slowly, hour after laborious hour. He is physically enamoured of her, for example 'her ear, half hidden among her blonde hair, was near to him. The temptation to kiss it was almost too great.' This leads to the fact that for Paul sex is the culmination of intimacy, but as for Miriam, it is not with Clara either. This proves Paul's relationship with Clara is purely physical, as shown by the descriptions of her such as 'He could see her figure inside the dress, as if that were wrapped closely round her.' In all the relationships are very different between Clara and Miriam but if you added the aspects of them together they create something of the relationship Paul had with his mother but in a more sexual context. In all of them Paul is content, yet discontent, happy yet sad, calm but angry - he is a mass of contradictions and seems to realise this at the end of the book when he not only symbolically walks away from the mistakes and people of the past but his past self also. It is obvious his mother had a great effect on Paul not only in his actions but in the development of his personality and will probably continue to after her death.

Essay --

DESCRIBE THE RESPONSIBILITIES OF A SOLE TRADER. AS A SOLE TRADER, EXPLAIN THE KEY STEPS TO BE TAKEN WHEN SETTING UP AN INTERIOR DESIGN SERVICE. Sole Trader A sole trader is a self employed person running a business as an individual. As a sole trader you are responsible for: †¢ Completing a self assesment tax return every year. †¢ Any debts that your business incurs. †¢ Paying national insurance and income tax on any profit that your business makes. †¢ Keeping records of sales and expenses (bookkeeping). †¢ Putting your own name and/or business name on any official paperwork. †¢ Bills for stock and equipment for the business †¢ You must register for VAT if your business takings exceed  £79,000.00 a year. When setting up an interior design service as a sole trader the key steps to be taken are: †¢ To think about and decide what your personal and financial business aspirations are. †¢ Be prepared to do what it takes to get your business up and running , there will be long hours, financial outlay, and you should be able to handle rejection and negagtivity, when the going gets tough. †¢ Be realistic and understand the tasks involved in setting up and running your business. †¢ Create a realistic working business plan, this can be done with the help of a solicitor or accountant. Your business plan is not set in stone, infact it should be reviewed with the continued progression of your business. A business plan will map out the direction your business should take and by working through it should also hi-light any possible flaws in your business idea. Your business plan is also an essential tool if you are intending to borrow any money as any prospective lender will want to know what they are abou... ...uides Display books †¢ You will also need to budget for and make consumable purchases. The following list is a guide: Ink cartridges and paper for printer Business stationery and envelopes Pens and Pencils Eraser and putty rubber Scalpel blades Spray mount/glue Notebooks and pads Presentation materials (card etc) Staples and paperclips †¢ Set up trade accounts with relevant suppliers. †¢ Create a marketing plan to sell your products and services. †¢ Make up display books to take with you when you visit your client. This will be a way of displaying your skills and versatility. †¢ Spread the word, promote your business in everyway possible, tell all your friends, relatives, acquaintances, related businesses and sub contractors. BIBLIOGRAPHY Websites www.wikipedia.org www.bbc.co.uk www.gov.uk www.smarta.com Essay -- DESCRIBE THE RESPONSIBILITIES OF A SOLE TRADER. AS A SOLE TRADER, EXPLAIN THE KEY STEPS TO BE TAKEN WHEN SETTING UP AN INTERIOR DESIGN SERVICE. Sole Trader A sole trader is a self employed person running a business as an individual. As a sole trader you are responsible for: †¢ Completing a self assesment tax return every year. †¢ Any debts that your business incurs. †¢ Paying national insurance and income tax on any profit that your business makes. †¢ Keeping records of sales and expenses (bookkeeping). †¢ Putting your own name and/or business name on any official paperwork. †¢ Bills for stock and equipment for the business †¢ You must register for VAT if your business takings exceed  £79,000.00 a year. When setting up an interior design service as a sole trader the key steps to be taken are: †¢ To think about and decide what your personal and financial business aspirations are. †¢ Be prepared to do what it takes to get your business up and running , there will be long hours, financial outlay, and you should be able to handle rejection and negagtivity, when the going gets tough. †¢ Be realistic and understand the tasks involved in setting up and running your business. †¢ Create a realistic working business plan, this can be done with the help of a solicitor or accountant. Your business plan is not set in stone, infact it should be reviewed with the continued progression of your business. A business plan will map out the direction your business should take and by working through it should also hi-light any possible flaws in your business idea. Your business plan is also an essential tool if you are intending to borrow any money as any prospective lender will want to know what they are abou... ...uides Display books †¢ You will also need to budget for and make consumable purchases. The following list is a guide: Ink cartridges and paper for printer Business stationery and envelopes Pens and Pencils Eraser and putty rubber Scalpel blades Spray mount/glue Notebooks and pads Presentation materials (card etc) Staples and paperclips †¢ Set up trade accounts with relevant suppliers. †¢ Create a marketing plan to sell your products and services. †¢ Make up display books to take with you when you visit your client. This will be a way of displaying your skills and versatility. †¢ Spread the word, promote your business in everyway possible, tell all your friends, relatives, acquaintances, related businesses and sub contractors. BIBLIOGRAPHY Websites www.wikipedia.org www.bbc.co.uk www.gov.uk www.smarta.com